On ideone.com this runs 7x faster than the library function and 3x faster than a hand written version (http://ideone.com/sb1Rup). WebSpeedup comparisons: Preliminary testing with x86-64 gcc 5.2 -O3 -march=native on a Core2Duo (Merom). Back in the days, my teacher used to say something like "I want to see if you can program by yourself, not if you can find it in the system." more here http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_39_0/libs/conversion/lexical_cast.htm. This won't be necessary for explicit-length strings (like C++ std::string). I wrote this because it was fun, after answering the x86 asm Q&A. Example 2: A program to convert a string to an integer using the atoi() function. output will be: Jan 26, 2017 at 2:23 To convert string to integer, functions from strto How to convert string into unsigned int? @Max the 16 is for base 16.Normally people use base 10 (and in Python there's an implicit 10 when you don't pass a second argument to int()), where you start at 0 then count up 0123456789 (10 digits in total) before going back to 0 and adding 1 to the next units place. I profiled and single-stepped the asm in a debugger, and it's really, really bad: there's a dynamic_cast of a locale variable happening per character!!! public: static cli::array ^ GetBytes(long value); public static byte[] GetBytes (long value); // Example of the BitConverter::GetBytes( unsigned short ) method. remember string size returns the delimiter too so use < and not <= in your loop test. So there are big speedups, but compiler auto-vectorization doesn't make great code, esp. Also these are only defined for unsigned values they work for signed integers /* Convert an integer to a base 10 string. This also works with C++98 after you replace the auto, use of the new non-const str.data(), and add a space to break the template closing (">>" to "> >") like this: std::for_each(str.begin(), str.end(), [](char & c){ c = ::toupper(c); }); std::transform(str.begin(), str.end(), str.begin(), ::toupper); The answer of @dirkgently is very inspiring, but I want to emphasize that due to the concern as is shown below. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. How to convert std::string to upper case? I have heard it is a macro that maps rev2022.11.22.43050. Please don't advocate sprintf in this day and age. Or the German eszet (sp? I wouldn't do this. Consequences of Kirti Joshi's new preprint about p-adic Teichmller theory on the validity of IUT and on the ABC conjecture. Conventional (old-style) enums had tons of benefits like implicit conversion to indexes, seamless using of bitwise operations etc.. search loops like plain-C implementation of strlen won't autovectorize.). This might help: http://userguide.icu-project.org/transforms/casemappings. On ARM C, long and int are 32-bit signed Basic data types in ARM C and C++ ecle. Making English faster at the expense of other languages is not a future-proof decision if the downside is significant. 8v). The only time this doesn't work is when the whole string is under 16B: Even when dst=src, non-atomic read-modify-write is not the same thing as not touching some bytes at all, and can break multithreaded code. This will perform better than all the answers that use the global toupper function, and is presumably what boost::to_upper is doing underneath. Based on my case-flip function that inverts the case of every alphabetic character. Do you want it rounded to the nearest million, with brackets if it's negative, always to show the sign. Is the number realy a representation of something else, should you show it in Oractal or Hex instead? What does it mean? Should I pick a time if a professor asks me to? Data availability statement for a mathematics paper, How to store a fixed length array in a database, Simple op-amp comparator circuit not behaving as expected, Strange horizontal space when using babel's \foreignlanguage in a LLNCS document. In C++11, there are actually std::to_string and std::to_wstring functions in . This code was only tested on Windows x64 and Ubuntu Linux x64. Note that adding 128 and subtracting 128 are the same thing for 8bit integers. Love it, I give a considered answer to the question to help with the thinking about the homework rather than giving the answer that was already there and I get a downvote, meanwhile 'std::stringstream' has an upvote -1. wouldnt recommend a back_inserter as you already know the length; use std::string result(src.size()); std::transform( src.begin(), src.end(), result.begin(), up_char ); @Viktor Sehr, @bayda: I know this is 2 years old, but why not get the best of both worlds. There are bicameral and unicameral alphabets. WebNext, we loop through the string and convert the string into decimal values. This matters for Turkish.). (But note that it's still fine to process our own output, rather than the original input, because toupper is idempotent). Can I choose not to multiply my damage on a critical hit? Methods. Only bicameral alphabets have different characters for upper and lower case. How to convert an instance of std::string to lower case. Well if you are fan of copy-paste, here it is: boost::lexical_cast(my_long) The next method in this list to convert int to string in C++ is by using the to_string() function. What is the significance of the intersection in the analemma? a bind(::toupper, construct(_1)) with boost.lambda will serve perfectly fine i think. (Return value is non-shared so that callers can modify the: returned value if necessary.) Name for vector spaces with two algebra structures that satisfy the exchange law. Could a society ever exist that considers indiscriminate killing socially acceptable? I have not copied that.When I compare two methods the method signature different altogether although both function use library function transform. If you only want to capitalize, try this function. Argv parameters conversion. Why does this V-22's rotors rotate clockwise and anti-clockwise (the right and the left rotor respectively)? Extended version for other UTF8 alphabets: If you need full UNICODE solutions or more conventional and abstract solutions, go for other answers and work with methods of C++ strings. C++11 introduced a standardized memory model. int value = 8; string binary = Convert.ToString(value, 2); Which returns 1000. This has the major advantage that gcc can auto-vectorize it for any architecture, but the major disadvantage that it's slower for the usually-common case of small strings. For example, a c_char_p item in the argtypes tuple will convert a string passed as argument into a bytes object using ctypes conversion rules. I agree that there are some dangers with the printf family but I don't think that we can run away from them. If we need any bytes in an aligned 16B chunk, it's always safe to load the whole aligned 16B chunk. If the character is an operator and the operator's stack is empty, push the operator into the operators' stack. the top solution could pass negative values and cause UB with that. RegName is your string. Doesn't collide. 2.2.1. Outside the technical definition, what is the term "Pharisee" synomynous with inside Christian Teachings? I don't know what kind of homework this is, but most probably the teacher doesn't want an answer where you just call a "magical" existing function (even though that's the recommended way to do it), but he wants to see if you can implement this by your own. How do I set, clear, and toggle a single bit? Since we're already targeting SSE2, we can do a vectorized end-of-string check at the same time. :), I'm personally ill-disposed towards boost as an answer to "how do I do, @PolGraphic: Range - based for uses the container's begin() / end() methods to iterate over its contents. rev2022.11.22.43050. Key path. For late readers: Since C++11, we could use a lambda: this should not be the accepted answer since it requires boost, or the title should be changed. How it was found that 12 g of carbon-12 has Avogadro's number of atoms? Web/* Get a C unsigned long int from an int object, ignoring the high bits. Can a 14 AWG pigtail be used with a smart switch with a 20 amp breaker? How could one convert a string to upper case. Thank you. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. We have a scalar loop for that, and also to get src aligned. compare" trick by range-shifting to the bottom of the signed range: Subtract 'a'+128, so the alphabetic characters range from -128 to -128+25 (-128+'z'-'a'). for cleanup of the last up-to-15 characters. this # include is required, #include , duplicate of answer given by user648545 -1. autovec: 1.52s. WebA bitset stores bits (elements with only two possible values: 0 or 1, true or false, ). Not the answer you're looking for? (This works if low and high aren't too far apart. manual: 1.02s. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Simple op-amp comparator circuit not behaving as expected. WebModule GetBytesCharDemo Const formatter As String = "{0,10}{1,16}" ' Convert a Char argument to a Byte array and display it. How to convert a string to lower or upper case in Ruby. The original poster of the question is presumably long gone. autovec: 2.07s // non-vector cleanup has 1 char to process, 15 char string: baseline: 1.08s. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Webnapi_status napi_get_instance_data (napi_env env, void ** data); [in] env: The environment that the Node-API call is invoked under. that's the reason i didn't vote it up (but i didn't vote it down either) :). It's fine on Nehalem and later. Surprisingly, the. The examples I have found from googling only have to deal with chars. There is no function that does this in the C standard. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big".If byteorder is "big", the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.If byteorder is "little", the most significant byte is at the end of the byte Should I compensate for lost water when working with frozen rhubarb? How do I read / convert an InputStream into a String in Java? Best way to show users that they have to select an option. How do I iterate over the words of a string? How do I replace all occurrences of a string in JavaScript? The following example attempts to interpret each element in a string array as a hexadecimal string and convert it to a long integer. WebToInt32(String) Converts the specified string representation of a number to an equivalent 32-bit signed integer. This is a sort of programmer-ignorance pet-peeve to me :). (long) it is an alias to c_long. Getting the compiler to emit nice code for the cleanup portion is tricky. I wouldn't call this "casting". TQFP and VQFN on same footprint: good idea or bad? I prefer the more "portable" variants though. some string that you want converted. People use it anywhere where they want to say "converting". I will be better at commenting in my code in the future. > cl /EHa main.cpp /D "_DEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /std:c++17 /DYNAMICBASE "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib" "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib" "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib" /MTd. Use 's std::hex.If you print, just send it to std::cout, if not, then use std::stringstream. s.size() is of type std::size_t which, AFAIK could very well be unsigned int depending on the implementation. I changed the accepted answer to the one using the boost libraries, because it was faster (in my informal testing), easier to use, and doesn't have the the problems associated with this solution. The same string of 120 characters (mixed lowercase and non-lowercase ASCII), converted in a loop 40M times (with no cross-file inlining, so the compiler can't optimize away or hoist any of it out of the loop). What is the difference between String and string in C#? Try this: Include either the ctype.h OR cctype libraries, as well as the stdlib.h as part of the preprocessor directives. A key path is a string or list of strings that defines how to extract a key from a value. We can detect when our vector has any bytes with the high bit set, and in that case fall back to a scalar utf-8-aware loop for that vector. With this much complexity, SSE4.2 PCMPISTRM or something might be able to do a lot of our checks in one go. manual: 0.925s, 128 char string: baseline: 9.00s. In the Turkish locale (tr_TR), the correct result from toupper('i') is '' (U0130), not 'I' (plain ASCII). I've also left the code as-is for now, instead of fixing the failure to copy the terminating 0 in some cases, because I don't want to re-time everything.). Both are aligned. :), if you don't have access to boost the second solution is probably the best you can get. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Maybe the other form of to_upper_copy optimizes better, but I think it will always new/malloc space for the copy, so it's harder to test. A negative index will give you UB.). Such things as "implicit casts" do not exist: an cast is always explicit. Lengths one-less-than-a-vector-width don't present a problem. Each of these CustomProvider objects is used to they have to be functions in C++ - even if C allows them to be macros. String.valueOf(int); If you had an integer i, and a string s, then the following would apply: int i; String s = Integer.toString(i); or String s = String.valueOf(i); Same source and dest buffers, so no malloc overhead or memory/cache effects: data is hot in L1 cache the whole time, and we're purely CPU-bound. WebMembers of binary keys are compared as unsigned byte values (in the range 0 to 255 inclusive) rather than signed byte values (in the range -128 to 127 inclusive). What are some tricks I can use with macros? Apparently atoi() is fine, and what I said about it earlier only applies to me (on OS X (maybe (insert Lisp joke here))). Anytime you approach low level system programming you will run into these calls. Following normal physics, can a world be unable to make electronics due to a lack of resources/materials? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. 2.5. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. can you leave your luggage at a hotel you're not staying at? My solution (clearing 6th bit for alpha): ALL of these solutions on this page are harder than they need to be. The above code works only for ASCII-compatible encodings. My loop reading from a std::string and writing to a char dstbuf[4096] makes sense for testing. Agree, this is a conversion and not a cast. In this case the resulting C string may contain embedded NUL bytes. If, by some crazy coincidence, you want to convert a string of characters to an integer, you can do that too!. autovec: 1.52s, 127 char string: baseline: 8.91s. boost::to_upper_copy(): 198.0s. Unicode objects are converted to C strings using 'utf-8' encoding. There are several ways. Admittedly my example wasn't the best but now it's documented why it was bad and others can learn from it. loop calling glibc toupper: 6.67s (not checking the int result for potential multi-byte UTF-8, though. Not that this code seems to have any as written - but you never know how things change. Customize as necessary for your use-case. Error: Range-based 'for' loops are not allowed in C++98 mode. using namespace System; // Convert This API retrieves data that was previously associated A method is a byte sequence that matches the method token production.. A CORS-safelisted method is a method that is `GET`, `HEAD`, or `POST`.. A forbidden method is a method that is a byte-case-insensitive match for `CONNECT`, `TRACE`, or `TRACK`. Short solution using C++11 and toupper(). Baseline: a loop that checks for a terminating 0 on the fly. This problem is vectorizable with SIMD for the ASCII character set. Another problem with the same example is that it does not cast the argument or verify that this is non-negative; this is especially dangerous for systems where plain char is signed. Additionally, I doubt 5 characters is enough. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Returns a new non-shared: string. Another special case is the Greek letter sigma (), which has, I wrote a C answer AND a C++ answer here beacuse C++ is written to be fully compatible with C sources, so any C solution is also a C++ correct solution, Why you decided to use ASCII codes instead of characters enclosed in. In base 16 (also called "hexadecimal" or "hex" for short) you start at 0 then then. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! Maybe something I did differs from a normal use-case, and maybe normally stopped g++ can hoist the locale setup stuff out of the per-character loop. The normal cctype members are macros. autovec: 2.98s // non-vector cleanup has 15 chars to process, 128 char string: baseline: 9.00s. Get your string size don't use string.size() as your actual tester, very messy and One of them should. This is the C way to do it, for C++ strings you can use the same function like this: strncmp(str.c_str(), substr.c_str(), substr.size()) I suggest you look into ICU, and difference between Simple and Full Case Mappings. The bytes of the string follow. So for short strings longer than 16B, this is dramatically faster than auto-vectorized. This means that only the first character (D) gets changed. sudo apt-get install -y locales locales-all, In cmd run VCVARS developer tools We do an unaligned load of the last 16B of the source, and store it into the dest buffer overlapping the last 16B store from the loop. The argument bytes must either be a bytes-like object or an iterable producing bytes.. And how is it going to affect C++ programming? Well it can be discussed,it is up to compiler implementation, templates are only expanded inline when the compiler deems it appropriate, The same holds for inline functions. It takes advantage of the "unsigned compare trick", where you can do low < a && a <= high with a single unsigned comparison by range shifting, so that any value less than low wraps to a value that's greater than high. This is at least the third time I've linked it on SO. This happens with LANG=C and with LANG=en_CA.UTF-8. One of the things not covered by anybody so far, to help you think about the problem further, is what format should a long take when it is cast to a string. :). (Ubuntu 15.10). I remember reading that they also had to be functions, although I don't have a copy of the C90 standard and don't know if it was explicitly stated or not. In a perfect world we could ignore them but I work in a c++ code base that uses them and it's good to know how / why they are dangerous. But thanks for this neat idea. To call a function you must use the following protocol: first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack; then, the arguments to the function are pushed in direct order; that is, the first argument is pushed first. 508), Why writing by hand is still the best way to retain information, The Windows Phone SE site has been archived, 2022 Community Moderator Election Results. Unix systems that comply with POSIX are required to have strcasecmp in the header strings.h; Microsoft systems have stricmp.To be on the portable side, write your own: In relativity, how do clocks get out of sync on a physical level? These strings, such as '%d' or '%03d', are familiar to those who have used the standard printf()' C-library function. c-1. (i.e. @litb There is one more thing - english is not my native language. Phil, the buffer will overflow for any number above 10000. avakar - you're absolutely right :-s that'll teach me to post to SO on the way home from the pub. Generally, a download manager enables downloading of large files or multiples files in one session. The way I typically do it is with sprintf. Anyway, if your teacher is the same, here is the hard way to do it.. You could argue that using std::string is not "the hard way", but I guess what counts in the actual agorithm. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! How to increment a value in a function in Powershell? What is the idea behind ^= 32, that converts lowercase letters to upper and vice versa? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. autovec: 2.07s. Install all locales The constructor accepts an optional integer initializer; no overflow checking is done. Preliminary testing with x86-64 gcc 5.2 -O3 -march=native on a Core2Duo (Merom). WebExamples. The answers so far have given you some default output, but perhaps not the right ones. not sure there is a built in function. Vector speedups for even smaller strings can be obtained with movq or movd loads/stores. How many datapoints are enough for a regression model to predict with reasoanble (say 88%-92%) accuracy. WebThe byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits.Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures.To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, Represents the C unsigned long long datatype. Why is processing a sorted array faster than processing an unsorted array? Yes, Boost 1.58 on Ubuntu 15.10 is really this slow. an unscoped (since C++11) enumeration type whose underlying type is not fixed can be converted to the first type from the following list able to hold their entire value range: int, unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, or unsigned long long, extended integer types with higher conversion rank (in rank order, signed given manual: 1.29s, 16 char string: baseline: 1.16s. In some libraries there is new versions like sprintf_s which protects against buffer overruns. (note the foot-note to it: "This disallows the common practice of providing a masking macro. blah blupp .. only way to do it in C++ is to provide a extern inline function.") Given that, both semantically and practically, there's no such thing as a negative size, I'm going to go with size_t being at least a 32-bit unsigned integer. I prefer the more "portable" variants though. Is completely different symbol and different code, only accidentally looks identical. Why are there no snow chains for bicycles? i agree with your second point about the casting though. And looking up the locale generally involves taking a lock. Webunsigned short _byteswap_ushort(unsigned short value); For 32 bit numbers: unsigned long _byteswap_ulong(unsigned long value); For 64 bit numbers: unsigned __int64 _byteswap_uint64(unsigned __int64 value); 8 bit numbers (chars) don't need to be converted. How can I heat my home further when circuit breakers are already tripping? This time it's fine to use ready functions. boost's to_upper() seems a lot more consistent with c++ STL functions than toupper. See also this question about toupper() being slow on Windows when a locale is set. Now, to prevent the overflow condition, it is required to convert the int result to the long long int before assigning the This is because ::toupper has to look up the locale - because it might've been changed by a different thread - for every invocation, whereas here only the call to locale() has this penalty. Do you have ASCII or International characters in strings? When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. But before assigning the value of multiplication of p and q, it is already overflowed. For text that's UTF-8, but mostly consists of the ASCII subset of UTF-8, this can be good: high performance in the common case with correct behaviour in all cases. I don't think there are any modern implementations in which the result of std::string::size is signed. There is usually some proprietary C functions in the standard library for your compiler that does it too. How can I reproduce a myopic effect on a picture? std::stringstream stream; stream << std::hex << your_int; std::string result( stream.str() ); You can prepend the first << with << "0x" or whatever you like if you wish.. Other manips of interest are std::oct (octal) and std::dec (back to decimal).. One autovec: 1.34s. We can also check for an exception-list and fallback to scalar there, like for multi-byte UTF8 input characters. autovec: 2.06s. So true. How do I convert a String to an int in Java? If the string passed in to pack() is too long (longer than the count minus 1), only Why can't I drive a 12'' screw into 6x6 landscape timber? See Martin Bonner's comments on a question about tolower() being slow on Windows. This has an obvious inherent security flaw. 1. for 16 char strings (0.187s). It is quite ok to answer old questions with new (modern) solution as you did. As long as you are fine with ASCII-only and you can provide a valid pointer to RW memory, there is a simple and very effective one-liner in C: This is especially good for simple strings like ASCII identifiers which you want to normalize into the same character-case. manual: 0.335s, 127 char string: baseline: 8.91s. Well, how wrong he was ;) .. I`m a .NETist myself, c++ still feels uncomfortable for me. */ static int: long_to_decimal_string_internal (PyObject *aa, Can I use mana as currency if people are constantly generating more mana? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The dst point can advance by a different amount than the src pointer, but once we get back to an aligned src pointer, we'll still just do unaligned vector stores to dst. So for a long you could do the following assuming that you are on a 32 bit architecture: To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat", Compile main.cpp are any Paris Metro stations outside zones 1-3? the correct usage of std::toupper should be: try the toupper() function (#include ). (The reason being: if this is implemented as a macro it will probably use a lookup table and your argument indexes into that table. http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_39_0/libs/conversion/lexical_cast.htm, Heres what its like to develop VR at Meta (Ep. A valid key path is one of: An empty string. can cause issues. Since we don't know where the terminating 0 will be, an unaligned load from src might cross into the next page and segfault. When there's a lot of non-ASCII, it will probably be worse than staying in the scalar UTF-8 aware loop all the time, though. How to access a char array and change lower case letters to upper case, and vice versa, http://metaporky.blogspot.de/2014/07/part-4-generating-look-up-tables-at.html, Heres what its like to develop VR at Meta (Ep. Each bit position can be accessed individually: for example, for a Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Times for 40M iterations, on a Core2 (Merom) 2.4GHz. The German word for "street", when uppercased, gets one character longer. ), SSE only has a signed compare-greater, but we can still use the "unsigned Otherwise it inlines and strlen() gets hoisted out of the loop, and it runs dramatically faster, esp. Bass Clef Changed to Treble Clef in the Middle of the Music Sheet (Are The Clefs Notes in Same Octave?). @PiotrDobrogost I have no idea about the answer given by user648545. standard quote must not be missing: 7.4.2.2/1 (poor litb, that's referencing a C99 TC2 draft only), and C++ 17.4.1.2/6 in the glory c++98 standard. manual: 0.931s, 129 char string: baseline: 9.04s. The microbenchmark loop that calls the function is in a separate file. Don't we have enough buffer overrun exploits? WebThe way I know how to convert an integer into a string is by using the following code: Integer.toString(int); and . char *num = "1024"; int val = atoi(num); // atoi = ASCII TO Int val is now 1024. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The faster one if you use only ASCII characters: Please note that this code run faster but only works on ASCII and is not an "abstract" solution. How do I convert a long to a string in C++? You can then use the buffer to construct a std:string instance. The String type is the set of all ordered sequences of zero or more 16-bit unsigned integer values (elements) up to a maximum length of 2 53-1 elements. This appears to perform extremely badly with g++ 5.2, yes, i am going to install boost just for to_upper excellent idea! +1, although originally, lexical_cast did little more than the accepted stringstream example (just wrapped up more expressively). The functions strncmp and strlen are in the C header file (originally posted by Yaseen Rauf here, markup added) For a case-insensitive comparison, use strnicmp instead of strncmp. [out] data: The data item that was previously associated with the currently running Agent by a call to napi_set_instance_data(). We can also do much better for the "cleanup" of the last up-to-15 bytes left over after doing vectors of 16B: upper-casing is idempotent, so re-processing some input bytes is fine.
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